Information Technology: July 2013

Different versions of windows

The different versions of Windows are discussed below:
WINDOWS 1.0
Microsoft released the first version of Windows wayback in 1985. It marked a major breakthrough as it allowed users to switch from character based (CUI)/non-graphical MS-DOS to the GUI based operating system. The product incorporated a set of desktop applications, including the MS-DOS file management program and value additions such as a calendar, card file, notepad, calculator, clock andtelecommunications programs. It allowed users to work with multiple applications at the same time (multitasking).
WINDOWS 3.0
Microsoft released this version of Windows in 1990.Some of its main features were:
• 32 bit operating system with support for advanced graphics

FEATURES OF WINDOWS
Microsoft Windowsis a series of software operating systems and graphical user interfaces developed by Microsoft. Some of its important features are listed below:
1. Faster Operating System:Windows include tools that increase the speed of the computer. Windows includes a set of programs designed to optimize the efficiency of computer, especially when used together.
2. Improved Reliability:Windows improves computer reliability by introducing new wizards, utilities and resources that lend a hand in helping your system operate effortlessly.

INTRODUCTION TO DOS
Disk Operating System (specifically) and disk operating system (generically), most often abbreviated as DOS, refers to an operating system software, used in most computers, which provides the abstraction and management of secondary storage devices and the information on them (e.g., file systems for organizing files of all sorts). Such software is referred to as a diskoperating system since the storage devices it manages are made of rotating platters (such as hard disks or floppy disks). DOS is the medium through

Disk Operating Systems and Windows
As the name implies, the Operating System is used for operating the System or the Computer. It is a set of computer programs, which is used to execute a specific task. The single user operating is DOS (Disk Operating System). The main functions of DOS are to manage disk files and allocate system resources according to the requirement. DOS provides vital features to control hardware devices such as Keyboard, Screen, Disk Devices, Printers, Modems and Programs.

Introduction
Windows predecessor MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) was the most popular operating system earlier. However, its numerous drawbacks led to the emergence of a new class of system software. Windows, which was a product of this class, was based on a radically different approach called Graphical User Interface (GUI).
The user is not expected to memorise or type any command; all that he needs to do is click on the appropriate picture (icon) with thehelp

Word Processing Softwere
Word processing software is used for creating documents. Drafts, letters, reports, essays, write-ups etc can be created using word processing software. Earlier, Word Star was being used widely for this purpose. Sidekick and Word Perfect are also used for drafting letters. However, the most commonly used word processing package in the world is Microsoft Word, which will be discussed later in this book.
SPREADSHEETS

Computer Language
The computer performs its functions based on the instructions given by the user. The set of such instructions written for a particular task is known as a computer program. Program is the set of instructions that tells the computer how to process the data, into the form desired by the user.
The language in which a computer program is writtenis known as programming language. The programming languages are classified as Low-level language and High-level language.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
Using size and features as the bases, computers areclassified into various generations. These generations of computers are discussed below:
FIRST GENERATION
The first generation computers were bulky in size. They were able to execute hundreds of instructions per second and were expensive as well. They used vacuum tubes as their main components. Machine language is a first generation language, for example EDVAC, UNIVAC etc.
SECOND GENERATION

Keys for working in the Web module

Keys for working in the Web module

Keys for working in the Print module

Keys for working in the Print module

Keys for working in the Slideshow module

Keys for working in the Slideshow module

Keys for working in the Develop module

Keys for working in the Develop module

Keys for working with metadata and keywords in the Library module

Keys for working with metadata and keywords in the Library module

Keys for working with collections

Keys for working with collections

Keys for rating and filtering photos

Keys for rating and filtering photos

Keys for comparing photos in the Library module

Keys for managing photos and catalogs

Keys for using a secondary window

Note: The shortcuts for using the secondary window are the same as the equivalent shortcuts in the Library module, with the Shift key added.

Keys for changing views and screen modes

Keys for navigating modules

Keys for working with panels

Keyboard shortcuts
Shortcuts work in all modules on full-size U.S. keyboards unless otherwise indicated. Functionality may vary on other keyboards and in other languages.
For information on restrictions or limitations of Lightroom keyboard shortcuts, see Keyboard shortcuts and OS conflicts - Lightroom 3 (Mac OS, Vista)in the Adobe support knowledgebase.
Keys for working with panels

Components of Computer System
MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the various parts of computer as the CPU, RAM, Disk drives (CD, DVD, Hard disk or any others)as well as any other peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
• The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations that enable a

Basic Computer Functioning
A computer can be defined as an electronic device that accepts data from an input device, processes it, stores it in a disk and finally displays it on an output device such as a monitor.
To understand the basic rudiments of the functioning of the computer refer to the all types of computers such as Personal Computers, Laptops, Palmtops etc. In other words, the fundamental principle of working is the same. There are four main building blocks in a computer's functioning. input, processor, output and memory. The data is entered

Basic Elements of Computer System
Basic elements of a computer system are Mouse, Keyboard, monitor, memory, CPU, motherboard, Hard Disk, Speakers, Modem, power supply and processor.
Mouse:Mouse is used for operating the system. Nowadays,optical mouse is more popular as compared to simple mouse.
Keyboard:Keyboard is used to input data in to the system so that the system gives output to the user. Therefore, the keyboard is an integral part of the input system. A computer is essentially incomplete without a keyboard.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Computers are classified in a variety of ways depending upon the principles of working, construction, size and applications. Various types of computers are discussed in this section.
DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTERS
ANALOG COMPUTERS
The computers that process analog signals are knownas Analog Computers. The analog signal is a continuous signal. For example, sine

Advantages of computer
Compared to traditional systems, computers offer many noteworthy advantages. This is one reason that traditional systems are being replaced rapidly by computer-based systems. The main advantages offered by computers are as follows:
• High Accuracy • Superior Speed of Operation
• Large Storage Capacity
• User-friendly Features
• Portability • Platform independence
• Economical in the long term

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
The origin of computer technology took place in the19th century. People desired to have a machine that would carry out mathematical calculations for them. The ABACUS is considered to have been the first computer in the world. It was used to perform simple measurements and calculations. ABACUS is available even today for school going children. In the 17th century, a scientist named Pascal developed a machine that could perform mathematical calculations. This machine comprised of a number

Introduction to Computer
The computer comprises of technologically advancedhardware put together to work at great speed. To accomplish its various tasks, the computer is made of different parts, each serving a particular purpose in conjunction with other parts. In other words, a 'computer' is an ensemble of different machines that you will be using to accomplish your job. A computer is primarily made of the Central Processing Unit (usually referred to as the computer), the monitor, the keyboard and the mouse.Other pieces of hardware,commonly referred to as peripherals, can enhance or improve your experience with the computer.

SHUTTING DOWN THE COMPUTER
To log off or shut down the computer, click the Start button: Logging off your computer and shutting down your computer are two different things. Remember the analogy of the car: Logging off a computer is like locking the car (the computer is in a stationary mode and you can’t do anything). When you first log in to a computer, it’s like using a key (password) to get in, and when you are done using the computer, you need to log off (the computer will remain on) to make sure no one can make changes while you are away.

Managing “Windows”
Microsoft Windows is called “Windows” for a reason. Programs appear on your screen as “Windows” (rectangular shapes) and are laid 3 dimensionally on top of one another (see image at right), just like on a real desktop. The desktop is your work surface, and all of your open windows appear on top of it. If you can see a window, that means the program is open and running. It is possible to make the window bigger, smaller, or close it using the buttons in the top right corner of

The Start Menu
The Start Menu is a good place to, well, start! The Start button (which opens the menu) is located in the lower left corner of your screen. LEFT-CLICK once on the Start Button to open the menu. This is the Start Menu as it appears in Windows 7. Notice the options that are available in this menu. Popular programs, like the calculator and paint applications are on the left, while folders, the Control Panel, and help features are on the right. Also note the “Shut Down” button at the bottom of the menu. This button is very important and functions kind of like a car. It will allow you to log off or shut down the computer. Logging off a computer is like locking a car—the computer is in a stationary mode and you can’t do anything. Clicking

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The Operating System
Computers without operating systems are exactly like televisions without a signal: It will turn on, but you will be looking at a blank screen with no hope of interacting with it (the lights are on, but nobody’s home)! The most popular operating system is “Microsoft Windows,” and it is utilized by most personal computer (PC) users. It is what you are using today in class. It is a program that acts as the brains of the computer, allowing you to run other programs, work on projects, and do basically everything else that computers are capable of. There are many different

The Mouse
While the keyboard is primarily used to insert/input and manipulate text and numbers on a computer, the mouse is used mostly for navigating around the screen. Mice come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Some of the strangest-looking mice often look that way because they are designed to be more ergonomic than traditional mice.

Keyboard Commands
In order to use your computer effectively, you must interact with it using both the mouse and the keyboard. The above image of a keyboard may closely resemble (if it is not identical to) the keyboard in front of you; learning the function of just a

The Desktop
After you log on, the computer will display what is known as your desktop within a few seconds to a few minutes (if your computer is newer, this will probably go faster). Here you will see a digital representation of something similar to a real-life office space, complete with a workspace, files and file folders, and even a recycling bin! One of the neatest features about Microsoft Windows is that your desktop may

Turning the Computer On
Let's get started! As you sit down at your desk, you can assume that your computer system is one of three states:
OFF: This is exactly what it sounds like: The computer is off, and no parts are running or working. The monitor is black (no images), there is no “whirring” sound from the CPU, and the computer is unresponsive to mouse movements or pressing keys on the keyboard. The power button (if it lights up) should not be lit up.

Key Facts About Computers
A computer does not need to access the internet in order to run properly.
The internet is a way of connecting to other computer users. You can connect to the internet using a phone line, a cable connection, or by using a wireless connecting device (wi-fi). For most home computer users, this is a paid service, though you can use the Internet for free in some public locations, like the library or a coffee shop.

Keeping Your Computer Healthy
In the end, computers are machines just like any other. Sometimes, although not often, they may malfunction, become stuck (or “frozen”), or may have a part that breaks and need to be replaced. Just like your car or lawnmower, computers need to be maintained.
Keeping your virus software up-to-date, installing updates for your operating system (Windows updates), and refraining from installing unnecessary programs will keep your computer running smoothly and

AGP
The Accelerated Graphics Port is a high speed connection to the motherboard for video cards. Faster than a PCI card and doesn’t use the system memory.
BIOS
The Basic Input/Output System controls the computer’s basic operations and is responsible for starting up the computer and hardware.
Bit

Computer is Possessed
It is a common misconception that computers have “a mind of their own.” Although computers can perform certain tasks much more easily and faster than humans (like counting, performing mathematical calculations, etc.), they are, in the end, machines and can’t think for themselves. It is safe to say that the computer cannot do anything that you do not tell it to do. Remember that you are in control of the computer, in the same way that you are in control of your car. Your car won’t move until you press your foot on the accelerator, and it won’t stop until you press the brake. Computers work in the same way.

Information / Data
Computers are designed to work with a type of information commonly referred to as “data.” Data comes in many forms, whether it is written data (such as a letter to a friend), audio data (like a song), video data (like a popular movie or DVD), and more. Certain types of software programs work with different types of data. For example, the iPod works primarily with audio data, while Microsoft Word, a word processing program, works primarily with written data.

Hardware / Software
Computers use both hardware and software to perform their work. Think of hardware as the physical pieces of a computer—the monitor, the CPU, all the pieces and parts inside
the CPU, the mouse, the keyboard, etc. Software, on the other hand, consists of programs that we use to interact with the computer. You can’t physically touch software like you can the keyboard, but you can still interact with it. A word processing program like Microsoft Word is a piece of software that you could use to type a grocery list. Games that you play on your computer are also considered software it doesn’t have to be work-related

Anatomy of a Computer
As with most products, computers are designed in a variety of ways. There are, however,
major similarities regardless of the brand (e.g., Dell, Apple, Acer, HP, Lenovo) of the
computer. There are two main types of computers, desktops and laptops. However, all
computers have the following components:

Basic computer Skills
On any given day, you will encounter computer systems in much of what you do, even if you don’t realize it. The television channels you watch, the radio stations that you listen to, the car that you drive in, and even the cash register at the local grocery store are all controlled in some way by computer systems! They help us perform tasks, keep track of information, and even control the airplanes that fly above us. During the course of this class, you will learn about how computers work, how to perform simple tasks, and more.

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